Once again I’ve opted to provide you with the whole item – what is it? Nothing medical on this occasion.
Picture quiz 10
7
Category Archives: History Challenge
Picture quiz 9 answer
This matula, or urine sample bottle, can be found in the Museum of London. Ancient civilisations including the Sumerians used urine to diagnose illness and by the medieval period it had evolved into a branch of medicine called uroscopy – or put another way doctors reckoned they could tell which of your four humours was out of balance simply by studying your urine. All they needed to do was look at the colour, the smell and, horror of horror, the taste of the medicine. They even had a handy chart to help them.
Picture Quiz 9
This week, there was no quiz last week, I’m giving you a picture of the whole thing. What is it’s purpose – and it’s not for that bunch of flowers you’ve picked from the garden!
Picture quiz 8 – answer
Charles I wore this shirt on the 30th January 1649. It is made from knitted silk and he asked for it to prevent him from shivering. He did not want people to think that he was afraid to go to his execution.
History Challenge 18
This week and next week will be the last history challenges until September – based on the fact I need to come up with some new challenges. I shall continue with the picture quiz and there will as, British rail would say, be a replacement service along shortly.
This week I should like you to identify as many famous bishops, archbishops and cardinals as you can you have been associated with governing England from 1066 until 1745 which are completely arbitrary cut off dates but a frame is something that I have discovered to be very useful unless you want a cast of hundreds.
History Jar Challenge 18
For a complete list of popes in reverse order please follow this link:
https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/feb/13/popes-full-list
There are, it turns out, rather a lot of them – 265 at current count.
The first pope was St Peter and he was, of course, crucified upside down. The next 31 popes were also martyrs and saints.
My first encounter with English History that involved a pope was the tale of St Gregory the Great. Gregory I began his papacy in Ad 590 and died in 604. He’s the pope who say Angle slaves in the market and said that they looked more like angels, on the back of which he set about reintroducing Roman Christianity into England. In 596 he sent St Augustine to Kent.
King Alfred the great was four when he went with his father to Rome in 853. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reported that the future king was confirmed by Pope Leo IV. Alfred returned to Rome two years later.
In 1066 Pope Alexander II blessed William the Conqueror’s intended invasion of England by declaring it a crusade. England had an unfortunate habit of appointing its own bishops. The pope thought that the papacy ought to hold that particular right. William had already developed his links with the papacy. He had required a papal dispensation in order for his marriage to Matilda of Flanders to be legitimated. Essentially the papacy wished to extend it’s power base outside Rome and Italy. It assumed that William the Conqueror, if he was victorious would tow the line. Unfortunately a later pope – Gregory VII discovered that William was not prepared to become the pontiff’s vassal.
Henry I continued the argument, refusing to allow his bishops to travel to Rome to be invested with their authority.
In 1154, Nicholas Breakspear became Pope Adrian IV — the only English Pope. Usually he is blamed for giving Ireland to Henry II – the papal bull identifying the king as the Lord of Ireland is open to question in terms of authenticity.
Unfortunately for the papacy English kings continued to take the view that they had the right to appoint bishops and abbots to vacant posts. This contention simmered to the surface during the reign of Henry II and resulted in the death of Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. Superficially this resulted in the ascendency of the papacy who required Henry to do penance. In reality the king and the pope rubbed along with a series of compromises.
In 1209 Pope Innocent III excommunicated the whole country thanks to the shenanigans of King John after he refused to recognise Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1213 John agreed to pay feudal dues and effectively became the Pope’s vassal …on paper.
In 1378 there were two popes thanks to the Avignon Papacy. Schism resulted in popes and counter popes. You chose the one who would give you want you wanted. This coincided with the Hundred Years War.
From 1529 onward Henry VIII’s minister Thomas Cromwell worked to restrict the pope’s power in a bid to ensure his master’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon. In 1534 the Act of Supremacy was passed which made Henry the head of the Church in England. Pope Clement VII had tried to delay the inevitable but given that he was a prisoner of Catherine of Aragon’s nephew at the time he wasn’t really ever going to give Henry what he wanted.
Fletcher, Stella (2017) The Popes and Britain: A History of Rule, Rupture and ReconciliationHardcover
Picture Quiz 8
I think this one might be quite straight forward but I would like to know what it is? Who’s is it? And when it was last used?
Picture Quiz 7 – Queen Elizabeth’s ring
This very personal item once belonged to Elizabeth I – hence the E. There is a hinge and a portrait inside the ring. No one knows who the woman is but given the head dress it is not unreasonable to suppose that it’s Elizabeth’s mother, Anne Boleyn.
I’ve posted about the ring before https://thehistoryjar.com/tag/the-chequers-ring/ So if you would like to read more follow the link.
History Jar Challenge 17
Well I very nearly bit off more than I could chew with the French monarchs! And I clearly didn’t cover the restoration of the Bourbons. Scottish monarchs seem like light relief after this week’s exertions.
My challenge for you this week is possibly almost as fiendish – Popes from the beginning of the Eleventh century to the end of the sixteenth century please. It does mean that you will have to deal with the Avignon Papacy from 1309 to 1376 and the resulting Papal Schism when there were two popes at the same time but don’t worry which pope was which – just consider how many you can name.
For a warm up the pope pictured in this post is Pope Clement VII – which part of English history is he closely associated with? And who was the English Pope?
Picture Quiz 7
I think this is a tricky challenge – though again I think that some of the students who attend my classes have seen the full size image. This item is kept somewhere associated with the First Lord of the Treasury.